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| http://www.tvevropa.com/bg/news/interviews/view/104825 Тоя верно си е тъпанар. Вижте след 16-тата минута от интервюто |
| Абе, министърът си е за оставка, ама не защото говори истини или неистини.... Повече на Пукната стотинка Натисни тук (www.puknatastotinka.com) |
| Хулиган го е казал съвсем точно - кой свестен човек, че и учен, ще се глави да стане министър в правителство с точно този министър-председател. |
Хахахаха, тоя е верно идиот  Щом едно блонди предизвика подобна реакция то немам думи  Пълен комплексар  |
| Щрудел, направи докторат в Гренобъл (по времето на Златаров) и тогава коментирай. Това да не ти е по закона Игнатов? |
| Мисля, че обсъждането повече на глупостите на това дребнаво, глупаво и завистливо същество просто са под нивото на нормалните хора. Не обичам такива крайни изказвания, но пък речниковият състав на съществото може и камък да изкара из кожата.... |
| Щрудел - първи заммин на просветата, Мъркюри - началник на кабинета на проф. Политолога! Още в понеделник!! |
| Завършил съм СОУ (тогава НССУ) „Хр.Ботев“ във Враца, известно сред врачани като Единната гимназия, в годината, в която е роден – с извинение - професорът. И до днес си спомням с уважение и признателност моите учители, педагози с дългогодишен опит и познания в своята област. Възхитен съм от това, което педагогическият колектив на гимназията е направил, продължавайки традицията Единната гимназия да бъде водеща в района и страната. Поразен съм от многопластовата простотия на – по недоразумение – министъра, обилно демонстрирана пред ученици и учители в тези чудесни класни стаи и кабинети. Да, многопластова: просташко и дебелашко държание и поведение, простотия в речта и интонациията, просташки словник и словесен дефицит, неадекватно представяне на социалния контекст, антисемитизъм, простотия и невежество при оценката на учени, пред които се прекланя светът. Сигурно не са минали през кабинета по математика, иначе щяхме да научим, че Питагор се фука с една теорема. Не искам да мисля каква ли е оценката му за патрона на училището. Независимо дали си прочел само една книга през живота си или си написал няколко тома плява, простотията си е простотия – нескриваема като гърбица и неизлечима. А радан подкрепя и насърчава – по недоразумение – министъра и така се строява в същата редица. Това правителство ще прави реформа в образователната система с този – по недоразумение – министър и реформа в съдебната система с лишен от права адвокат – Боже опази. |
| ПОМОЩ! ОБРАЗОВАЙТЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛНИЯ! Или си го върнете на магистралата, от която сте си го харесали. Истинско Плевналийче! На тоя му пасва изключително точно старият виц: Събрали се руснакът, американецът, французинът, англичанинът, германецът и Бай Ганю, и взели да се надприказват, коя нация най-големи постижения има. Англичанинът започнал: "Ние, като пуснем борова кора в морето, кораб става". Германецът не се давал: "Ние, като изтървем една гайка на пътя, BMW става, ако изтървем болтче, Мерцедес става." Французинът казал: "Ние, като бучнем парче желязо в земята, Айфелова кула става". Американецът се похвалил: "Ние, като хвърлим тухла в небето, небостъргач става". Руснакът сбърчил строго вежди: "Ние, като хвърлим парче желязо в небето, космически кораб става". А Гането рекъл: "Пък ние, като хвърлим едно лайно нагоре, началник става". Другите се облещили: "Ми как така? А като падне, какво става?" "А, ми като падне, то пак лайно си става". Това поредно недоразумение го чака Коледен подарък - превъплъщението след падането.  |
| Много го уважихте тоя министър, изпуснал се голямата праскова. Снимал, ами нали е на екскурзия с държавни пари, снима си човека а и нали няма да е задълго министър, поне да има снимков материал от мига на славата си. |
| И вземете се "цивилозовайте" вече - свобода на словото бе хора. Не му харесва Ломоносов че му звучи прекалено руски и си го казва, за Златарев да не говорим. Виж не се е изхвърлил като един Де Грас Тайсън за Нютон по коледа. Така го мисли човекът! |
| Тъпо е да се отрича Айнщайн. Бил е използвач, отричал и подтискал е идеи които са заплашвали гениалността му. Не е приемал квантовата механика - доста тъпо след като самия той обяснява фотоефекта. Мен лично най ме дразни че същия този човек е настоявал за ускоряване на проекта за атомната бомба. Абсолютно се е възползвал от идеологическата война и облагите на Принстън. Дали е окрал сръбкинята не знам, знам само че не и дал заслужения кредит. Но е гении! |
Проф. Тодор Танев е университетски преподавател и изследовател, гласи официалната биография, публикувана на сайта на МОН. Завършил е висше образование по социология в Софийския университет "Св. Климент Охридски". Доктор по политология (1991 г.) и доктор на политологическите науки (2002 г.). Професор по политически науки и администрация и управление от 2003 г. Това изследовател ми идва множко. Тази дисциплина ПОЛИТОЛОГИЯ напоследък се превърна в ПОДЛОГОЛОГИЯ. Те и другите министри на образованието бяха кухи лейки, ама този е много "див петел". |
| ПРИРОДA и НАУКА, год. VII. Кн. 5—6 † Aсѣнь Златаровъ Когато говорим за него, титлите сa излишни. Познаваме редица професори, общопризнати в науката у нас и в чужбина, но Златаров е един, той заема съвсем особено място в нашата действителност. Така е, защото в Златаров природата беше съчетала един букет от качества, които го правеха, наистина, да се откройва над всички.В него духовните интереси бяха необикновено разнообразни. По специалност Златаров беше химик, но по научна култура беше и биолог. Отвлечените проблеми на съвременната математическа физика, която закръглява светогледа на днешния учен, увличаха Златарова, и заради тях нахълтваше понякога в математиката. Но върху неговите духовни интереси тежеше неговият дух на общественик, затова с особна любов се впустна той в проблемите във връзка с храненето и то на масите, на народа. Въвеждането и на едно ново културно растение у нас, на соята, ние дължим пак на пропагандата на Златаров.Това чувство на общественост именно накара Златаров да даде много, необикновено много, за популярната, общодостъп-ната наука. Наред с редицата отделни книги, той остави цял низ номера от своята библиотека „Натурофилософско четиво“. От основаването пък на „Природа и наука“ той стана неин съредактор и в продължение на седем години нашите читатели изпитваха насладата да четат неговите увлекателни научни статии. Даже когато замина да се лекува в чужбина той остави няколко статии с бележката. „Дано не ги печатите с кръстче пред името ми“. Уви! Едната излезе само 3 деня преди неговата смърт, а другата излиза с кръстче в тази книга!..Това, което особено допринесе, щото името на Златаров да бъде днес общопознато във всеки град, във всяка паланка, това, което кара всички искрено да скърбят и да пазят за него спомен, свързан едновременно с чувство на почит и на признателност, това е неговият дух на увлечен просветител на народа, надарен с непостигната дарба на живото слово. В това отношение, без преувеличение, можем да кажем, че Златаров у нас няма равен на себе си. Когато излизаше на трибуната, неговото слово се просто лееше. Човек чувствуваше наслада от самото това магическо слово, като че ли слушаше някаква музика. Да, словото на Златаров беше като музика! Това слово го направи любимец на всички, залите, дето той говореше бяха винаги препълнени.В своите беседи Златаров разкриваше цялата своя душа, а тя бе не само душа на човек на науката, но една широка душа на човек с разностранни духовни интереси и дарби. Имаше усета на художника, перото на писателя, а всичко искаше да сглоби с проницателността на философа. Много беше вложила природата в неговата душа и затова в много области можеше да твори.Всички тези дарби на Асѣнь Златаровъ бяха съчетани със силното чувство на общественика, което го караше всички свои сили да мобилизира в служба на обществото. Там именно се крие тайната на тази необикновена обич, с която му отплащаше нашият народ. Всички чувствуваха духовната връзка, преданността на Златарова към народа и неусетно всички му отговаряха с преданост и признателност.Такъв бе Асѣнь Златаровъ за всички и затова всички го чувствуваме като най-ценна рожба на нашия народ, като общонародна културна ценност. Неговата обич към народа, неговият дух на общественост, обаче, не можеха да не оформят в него едно определено отношение към големите обществено-политически въпроси, към политическите течения. Така и трябваше да бъде: свободата на политическата мисъл е свещено право на всеки гражданин, още повече на човек, който стои високо над другите. Това същото право на свобода на мисълта може да ни кара да не се съгласяваме с някои политически разбирания на покойника, но всички сме съгласни, че и тук той служеше с всичката чистота на своята красива душа. Желанието на известни течения да включат името на Златарова в тесните свои политически рамки, опитите да използуват неговото име за своя пропаганда, само биха уронили ореола, с който трябва да бъде обкръжено името на големия покойник в съзнанието на всеки българин. Който искрено скъпи името на Асѣнь Златаровъ, няма да си позволява това. Целият български народ е запазил скъп спомен за тази своя най-ценна рожба.Асѣнь Златаровъ беше и ще си остане скъпа културна ценност на целия български народ!Да бъде вечно неговото име! Редакцията на "Природа и наука“ Името на покойника пишем тъй, както упорито продължаваше да го пише той, въпреки официалния правопис. Ето и от американци: Asen Zlatrov: Work with Soy in Bulgaria (1885-1936) A Special Report on The History of Soy Pioneers Around the World A Chapter from the Unpublished Manuscript, History of Soybeans and Soyfoods: 1100 B.C. to the 1980s by William Shurtleff and Akiko Aoyagi ©Copyright 2004 Soyinfo Center, Lafayette, California Asen Zlatarov (sometimes spelled Assen Zlataroff in French or German) was born on 16 February 1885 in the town of Haskovo, southern Bulgaria. His father, who graduated in law in Italy, was a famous lawyer, popular social worker, and member of Parliament. While still a child, Zlatarov learned rapidly and read books in Russian and French, as well as performing chemical experiments in a self-equipped laboratory. As a student at the chemical department of Sofia University, he was attending and lecturing on philosophy and literature. Also in 1904-05 he studied at the Geneva Chemical Institute in Switzerland under the eminent scientist Prof. Carl Graebe. There, because of his broad personal interests, he also he studied literature, political economy, zoology, biochemistry, and botany and became friends with the famous French socialist leader, philosopher, and peace activist Jane Jores (1859-1914). Zlatarov first became acquainted with soybeans and soyfoods in 1906, when he visited the Chinese pavilion at the World Exposition in Milan, Italy (Source??). His interest in the subject deepened over the years. In 1908 in Grenoble (France) he wrote his doctoral thesis and was awarded his degree in physics and chemistry. In 1909 he began post-graduate work in biochemistry and the chemistry of foodstuffs at the newly established Institute of Bromatology in Munich, Germany, under the guidance of Prof. T. Paule. Bromatology is the scientific study of all aspects of foods and nutrition, based on chemistry, physiology, biology, and biochemistry, and leading to practical "chemistry in the kitchen." A. Zlatarov wrote extensively about the practical value of bromatology. This unique institute gathered together chemists, biochemists, physicians, ethnographers, and historians. They were doing research on the foodstuffs and the cooking habits/recipes world-wide, including ancient Babylon, China, India, Greece, Rome, and tribal cultures. The kitchen was also headed by a professor. After his return to Bulgaria in Nov. 1910, Zlatarov became an assistant in organic chemistry at Sofia University and a regular contributor to medical, philosophical, literary, etc. periodicals, both in Bulgaria and abroad. In 1911 he wrote his first book, titled "Philosophy of Biology." With this, he began to publish his research on the chemistry of Bulgaria's foodstuffs. From 1 Sept. 1920 he was a reader in physiological and organic chemistry and biochemistry at the chemical and medical departments of Sofia University. In 1224 he became a professor there, and in 1935 he became dean and head of the chair in organic chemistry at the physico-mathematical faculty. In 1918 Zlatarov began chemical and cooking research on soya. He became active in speaking and writing about soybean cultivation and practical usage, and established communication with various organizations throughout Bulgaria. At the same time, he also actively promoted chick-peas (garbanzo beans). In 1920 he published his first work on soya, a comprehensive 44-page booklet. During the early 1920s he published more works on all aspects of soybeans, including one in German. Between 1920 and 1936 he published at least 17 works on soybeans. It was not until 1929 that another Bulgarian, Dona Kalcheva, his student, published a full (122-page) book soybeans. In about 1923 (Source??) a special Soya State Commission "concluded" that soybean culture in Bulgaria was not thriving well; it was very expensive, hard to digest, and lacked sufficient markets. So Zlatarov entered a long, open debate, with may talks and publications, about the importance of the soybean. He pointed out the ability of the soybean plant to enrich the soil with nitrogen. He investigated 3 soybean varieties grown in Bulgaria (yellow, green, and black ones) and compared them chemically with other leguminous plants. He analyzed the composition of soymilk and soy cheese, comparing them to similar products from the milk of humans, cows, buffaloes, sheeps, and goats. The Bulgarian Agricultural Association accepted the new crop, production began to rise rapidly, and in 1935 the first Soya Exposition was held in Bulgaria. Prof. Zlatarov was an internationally famous scientist with broad interests, especially in the fields of biochemistry, biology, philosophy, botany, literature, and art. He made numerous original investigations in organic chemistry, biochemistry, and especially bromatology. Most of his studies were confirmed only recently (like his work on the role of micronutrients, zinc metabolism on the etiology of cancer cells). Zlatarov was a pioneer in Bulgaria in the field of bromatology, vitamin therapy, and enzyme chemistry. He not only established the common questions in the science of foodstuffs, cooking, and nutrition, he also did research on the content of the specific national Bulgarian foods, the way for their cooking/preparation and use. He did a detailed statistical analytical study of the differences in the nutrition among social classes, and pointed out the way against world hunger and chronic unwholesome malnutrition, with the help of soyfoods, chick-peas, and an entirely new scientific food industry. Zlatarov's influence on the field of soybeans and soyfoods increased during the 1930s. He gave numerous popular and scientific lectures and authored many publications, in both Bulgaria and abroad, in German and French. The famous biochemist also discussed the therapeutic value of soyfoods, and forecast the great future of the soybean crop and of vegetarianism. On 22 December 1936, at age 51 and in the prime of his active career, Assen Zlatarov died suddenly in Vienna after two unsuccessful operation. His funeral in Sofia was an imposing statement of his whole country's love for him and his work. During his lifetime he gave more than 900 talks and wrote about 10,000 printed pages (of which about 3,300 pages were in scientific publications). Between 1905 and 1937 he published 660 titles, including textbooks, scientific papers, popular articles, etc. Of these, 80 were strictly scientific and 30 were published in foreign languages. About 20% of his popular writings were in the field of bromatology. He wrote and spoke at length against smoking, drugs, and drinking. From 1922 he was founder and chief editor of the journal Himia i Industria (Chemistry and Industry), and a founder of several other scientific and popular serial publications. He was a collaborator on 14 foreign and 37 Bulgarian journals, and 107 newspapers. He was a member of the Socie'te de Linnie biologique (Paris). He was chairman of the League of Bulgarian Chemists from 1922 until the end of his life. He wrote several wonderful books of poetry (Flowers for Him, A Song for Her, In the Town of Love, etc.) and numerous sketches for other writers, poets, etc. On 18 Nov. 1926 the great Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore wrote a dedication to him in Sofia in a book. Asen Zlatarov belongs to those sons of Bulgaria and of humankind who are bears or a complex spiritual world and who achieve remarkable balance between the richly diverse powers within themselves. He placed his great talents in the service of life, and had a great love of people. Thus he remains forever in the memory of generations of Bulgarians as an unforgettable universal personality, a great example of a harmonious, developed person. After his untimely death, the work with soya in Bulgaria slowed down greatly, although soybeans were still being grown for the Nazis in Germany (Rosen L. Paskalev, July 1986). Това е за Асен Златаров, а следващото е за Фр. Жолио. Early years[edit]Born in Paris, France, he was a graduate of the École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris.[1] In 1925 he became an assistant to Marie Curie, at the Radium Institute. He fell in love with her daughter Irène Curie, and soon after their marriage in 1926 they both changed their surnames to Joliot-Curie. At the insistence of Marie, Joliot-Curie obtained a second baccalauréat, a bachelor's degree, and a doctorate in science, doing his thesis on the electrochemistry of radio-elements. Career[edit]While a lecturer at the Paris Faculty of Science, he collaborated with his wife on research on the structure of the atom, in particular on the projection, or recoil, of nuclei that had been struck by other particles, which was an essential step in the discovery of the neutron by Chadwick in 1932. In 1935 they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their discovery of "artificial radioactivity," resulting from the creation of short-lived radioisotopes from the bombardment of stable nuclides such as boron, magnesium, and aluminum with alpha particles. In 1937 he left the Radium Institute to become a professor at the Collège de France working on chain reactions and the requirements for the successful construction of a nuclear reactor that uses controlled nuclear fission to generate energy through the use of uranium and heavy water. Joliot-Curie was one of the scientists mentioned in Albert Einstein's letter to President Roosevelt as one of the leading scientists on the course to chain reactions. The Second World War, however, largely stalled Joliot's research, as did his subsequent post-war administrative duties. Stamp Issued by Romania commemorating Frédéric Joliot-Curie.At the time of the Nazi invasion in 1940, Joliot-Curie managed to smuggle his working documents and materials to England with Hans von Halban and Lew Kowarski. During the French occupation he took an active part in the French Resistance as a member of the National Front. Collins and LaPierre in their book Is Paris Burning? note that during the Paris uprising in August 1944 he served in the Prefecture of Police manufacturing for his fellow insurgents Molotov cocktails, the Resistance's principal weapon against German tanks. The Prefecture was the scene of some of the most intense fighting during the uprising. Post-war[edit]After the Liberation, he served as director of the French National Center for Scientific Research, and appointed by Charles De Gaulle in 1945, he became France's first High Commissioner for Atomic Energy. In 1944 French physicists, Pierre Auger and Jules Gueron were working on the British nuclear weapons research program at Chalk River in Canada. As France was being liberated by the Normandy invasion, they returned to France to inform Frederic Joliot-Curie of the progress of the American/British nuclear weapon program. Frederic passed on that information to his Soviet friends. In 1948 he oversaw the construction of the first French atomic reactor. A devoted communist, he was purged in 1950 and relieved of most of his duties, but retained his professorship at the Collège de France. Joliot-Curie was one of the eleven signatories to the Russell-Einstein Manifesto in 1955. On the death of his wife in 1956, he took over her position as Chair of Nuclear Physics at the Sorbonne. Joliot-Curie was a member of the French Academy of Sciences and of the Academy of Medicine and named a Commander of the Legion of Honour. He was awarded the Stalin Peace Prize in 1951 for his work as president of the World Council of Peace. Personal life[edit] The Joliot-Curies in the 1940sFrédéric and Irène hyphenated their surnames to Joliot-Curie after they married on October 4, 1926 in Paris, France, although their daughter, Hélène Langevin-Joliot has said, "Many people used to name my parents Joliot-Curie, but they signed their scientific papers Irène Curie and Frédéric Joliot."[2] Their daughter Hélène, who would also become a noted physicist, was born in 1927. Their son, Pierre, a biologist, was born in 1932. Frédéric Joliot-Curie devoted the last years of his life to the creation of a centre for nuclear physics at Orsay, where his children were educated. On his religious views, Joliot-Curie was an atheist.[3] Legacy[edit]The crater Joliot on the Moon is named after him. A street in an upmarket neighborhood of Sofia, Bulgaria and the nearby metro station is named after Frédéric Joliot-Curie. There is furthermore a street named after him in the Rivière-des-Prairies borough of North Montreal, Canada and in Bucharest, Romania, and in Warsaw and Wrocław, Poland. За София не пише, нашите гербови умници може да са забранили. Този е социолого-политорого-пиарко. Интересно Румяна Коларова как би оценила колегата си? Между другото, у нас имахме течения на "Наука и природа", както и книжки на Асен Златаров. Интересно, че именно в неговото списание прочетох за Склодовска, зетя й Жолио и разни други интереснотии от 34-36 г., а аз ги четях в 1950-53 гг. После на кинопреглед показаха държавното опело на агеиста и комуниста Жолио. И ето от Британика за Лононосов[/red]:[/black]Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov, (born Nov. 19 [Nov. 8, old style], 1711, near Kholmogory, Russia—died April 15 [April 4, O.S.], 1765, St. Petersburg), Russian poet, scientist, and grammarian who is often considered the first great Russian linguistic reformer. He also made substantial contributions to the natural sciences, reorganized the St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Sciences, established in Moscow the university that today bears his name, and created the first coloured glass mosaics in Russia. Lomonosov was the son of a poor fisherman. At the age of 10 he too took up that line of work. When the few books he was able to obtain could no longer satisfy his growing thirst for knowledge, in December 1730, he left his native village, penniless and on foot, for Moscow. His ambition was to educate himself to join the learned men on whom the tsar Peter I the Great was calling to transform Russia into a modern nation. The clergy and the nobility, attached to their privileges and fearing the spread of education and science, actively opposed the reforms of which Lomonosov was a lifelong champion. His bitter struggle began as soon as he arrived in Moscow. In order to be admitted to the Slavonic–Greek–Latin Academy he had to conceal his humble origin; the sons of nobles jeered at him, and he had scarcely enough money for food and clothes. But his robust health and exceptional intelligence enabled him in five years to assimilate the eight-year course of study; during this time he taught himself Greek and read the philosophical works of antiquity. Noticed at last by his instructors, in January 1736 Lomonosov became a student at the St. Petersburg Academy. Seven months later he left for Germany to study at the University of Marburg, where he led the turbulent life of the German student. His work did not suffer, however, for within three years he had surveyed the main achievements of Western philosophy and science. His mind, freed from all preconception, rebelled at the narrowness of the empiricism in which the disciples of Isaac Newton had bound the natural sciences; in dissertations sent to St. Petersburg, he attacked the problem of the structure of matter. In 1739, in Freiberg, Lomonosov studied firsthand the technologies of mining, metallurgy, and glassmaking. Also friendly with the poets of the time, he freely indulged the love of verse that had arisen during his childhood with the reading of Psalms. The “Ode,” dedicated to the Empress, and the Pismo o pravilakh rossiyskogo stikhotvorstva (“Letter Concerning the Rules of Russian Versification” made a considerable impression at court.After breaking with one of his masters, the chemist Johann Henckel, and many other mishaps, among which his marriage at Marburg must be included, Lomonosov returned in July 1741 to St. Petersburg. The Academy, which was directed by foreigners and incompetent nobles, gave the young scholar no precise assignment, and the injustice aroused him. His violent temper and great strength sometimes led him to go beyond the rules of propriety, and in May 1743 he was placed under arrest. Two odes sent to the empress Elizabeth won him his liberation in January 1744, as well as a certain poetic prestige at the Academy. While in prison he worked out the plan of work that he had already developed in Marburg. The 276 zametok po fizike i korpuskulyarnoy filosofi (“276 Notes on Corpuscular Philosophy and Physics” set forth the dominant ideas of his scientific work. Appointed a professor by the Academy in 1745, he translated Christian Wolff’s Institutiones philosophiae experimentalis (“Studies in Experimental Philosophy” into Russian and wrote, in Latin, important works on the Meditationes de Caloris et Frigoris Causa (1747; “Cause of Heat and Cold”, the Tentamen Theoriae de vi Aëris Elastica (1748; “Elastic Force of Air”, and the Theoria Electricitatis (1756; “Theory of Electricity”. His friend, the celebrated German mathematician Leonhard Euler, recognized the creative originality of his articles, which were, on Euler’s advice, published by the Russian Academy in the Novye kommentari.In 1748 the laboratory that Lomonosov had been requesting since 1745 was granted him; it then began a prodigious amount of activity. He passionately undertook many tasks and, courageously facing ill will and hostility, recorded in three years more than 4,000 experiments in his Zhurnal laboratori, the results of which enabled him to set up a coloured glass works and to make mosaics with these glasses. Slovo o polze khimi (1751; “Discourse on the Usefulness of Chemistry” , the Pismo k I.I. Shuvalovu o polze stekla (1752; “Letter to I.I. Shuvalov Concerning the Usefulness of Glass”, and the “Ode” to Elizabeth celebrated his fruitful union of abstract and applied science. Anxious to train students, he wrote in 1752 an introduction to the physical chemistry course that he was to set up in his laboratory. The theories on the unity of natural phenomena and the structure of matter that he set forth in the discussion on the Slovo o proiskhozhdeni sveta (1756; “Origin of Light and Colours” and in his theoretical works on electricity in 1753 and 1756 also matured in this laboratory.Encouraged by the success of his experiments in 1760, Lomonosov inserted in the Meditationes de Solido et Fluido (“Reflections on the Solidity and Fluidity of Bodies” the “universal law of nature”—that is, the law of conservation of matter and energy, which, with the corpuscular theory, constitutes the dominant thread in all his research.To these achievements were added the composition of Rossiyskaya grammatika and of Kratkoy rossiyskoy letopisets (“Short Russian Chronicle” , ordered by the Empress, and all the work of reorganizing education, to which Lomonosov accorded much importance.From 1755 he followed very closely the development of Moscow State University (now Moscow M.V. Lomonosov State University), for which he had drawn up the plans. Appointed a councillor by the Academy in 1757, he undertook reforms to make the university an intellectual centre closely linked with the life of the country. To that end, he wrote several scholarly works including Rassuzhdeniye o bolshoy tochnosti morskogo puti (1759; “Discussion of the Great Accuracy of the Maritime Route” ; Rassuzhdeniye o proiskhozhdenii ledyanykh gor v severnykh moryakh (1760; “Discussion of the Formation of Icebergs in the Northern Seas”; Kratkoye opisaniye raznykh puteshestviy po severnym moryam . . . (1762–63; “A Short Account of the Various Voyages in the Northern Seas”; and O sloyakh zemnykh (1763; “Of the Terrestrial Strata”, which constituted an important contribution both to science and to the development of commerce and the exploitation of mineral wealth.Despite the honours that came to him, he continued to lead a simple and industrious life, surrounded by his family and a few friends. He left his house and the laboratory erected in his garden only to go to the Academy. His prestige was considerable in Russia, and his scientific works and his role in the Academy were known abroad. He was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and of that of Bologna. His theories concerning heat and the constitution of matter were opposed by the empiricist scientists of Germany, although they were analyzed with interest in European scientific journals. The persecutions he suffered, particularly after the empress Elizabeth’s death in 1762 (1761, Old Style) exhausted him physically, and he died in 1765. The empress Catherine II the Great had the patriotic scholar buried with great ceremony, but she confiscated all the notes in which were outlined the great humanitarian ideas he had developed. Publications of his works were purged of the material that constituted a menace to the system of serfdom, particularly that concerned with materialist and humanist ideas. Efforts were made to view him as a court poet and an upholder of monarchy and religion rather than as an enemy of superstition and a champion of popular education. The authorities did not succeed in quenching the influence of his work, however. The publication of his Polnoye sobraniye sochineny (“Complete Works” in 1950–83 by Soviet scholars has revealed the full contributions of Lomonosov, who has long been misunderstood by historians of science.Luce-Andrée Langevin И ето и на френски: Biographie[modifier | modifier le code]Jeunesse[modifier | modifier le code]Fils de Vassili Dorofeïevitch Lomonosov, un serf de la Couronne[N 1], paysan devenu pêcheur, que très jeune il accompagne fréquemment en mer Blanche, Mikhaïl Lomonossov est précocement attiré par l'étude. Il lit beaucoup, d'abord des livres religieux, puis des ouvrages plus généraux comme La Grammaire slave de de Smotriski ou L'Arithmétique de Léonti Magnitski, qui devient son livre préféré[2]. « Mon père était un homme de cœur, mais il était très ignorant ; méchante et envieuse, ma belle-mère s'employait à le monter contre moi en lui disant que mes lectures étaient un prétexte pour ne rien faire. C'est pourquoi j'étais souvent obligé de me cacher pour lire et étudier, en me réfugiant dans des endroits isolés et déserts où je souffrais du froid et de la faim… » — Mikhaïl Lomonossov, Lettre à Ivan Chouvalov du 31 mai 1753[3]. En décembre 1730, Mikhaïl, âgé de 19 ans, quitte de son village natal et se rend à pied à Moscou en suivant un chargement de poisson fumé[4]. Il arrive en janvier 1731[5] et parvient à s’inscrire à l’Académie slavo-gréco-latine en se faisant passer pour un fils d'un noble de Kholmogory (les paysans n’avaient pas accès aux études). Il y étudie le latin, le slavon, la versification, la rhétorique, la philosophie et la théologie. De plus, il apprend seul le grec ancien et peut lire les auteurs de l'Antiquité dans la langue originale. Malgré des conditions matérielles extrêmement difficiles (il ne reçoit pratiquement aucun soutien financier de son père), et les moqueries de ses camarades de classe beaucoup plus jeune que lui, il réussit en cinq ans le cursus des études, qui en demande habituellement huit. « D'une part, mon père, qui n'avait pas d'autres enfants, disait que, fils unique, j'avais abandonné les biens qu'il avait amassés pour moi en peinant dur et qu'après sa mort ils seraient dilapidés par des étrangers. D'autre part, une pauvreté inouïe, avec une bourse d'un altyne[N 2] par jour, il était impossible de dépenser plus d'un demi-kopeck pour le pain, un autre demi pour le kvas et le reste pour le papier, les chaussures et autres besoins… Et puis les écoliers, les petits enfants qui criaient : « Regardez cette grande bête de vingt ans qui est venue pour apprendre le latin…». » — Mikhaïl Lomonossov[6]. À la fin des ses études à l'Académie slavo-gréco-latine, le Sénat remarque ses brillants résultats et l'envoie avec douze de ses condisciples à l'Académie des science de Saint-Pétersbourg, précisément à un moment où l'étudiant commence à douter de l'utilité de ses efforts. Mais le séjour dans la « capitale du Nord » est de courte durée, à peine sept mois. Une bourse d’étude est offerte à trois étudiants de l'Académie pour aller étudier la métallurgie et la science moderne en Allemagne. Parmi les élus, Lomonossov. Dans les universités allemandes[modifier | modifier le code]Marbourg[modifier | modifier le code]Le 19 septembre 1736, les trois boursiers embarquent à Kronstadt, ils arrivent à Marbourg le 3 novembre 1736[7]. Ils s'inscrivent à l'université de Marbourg. Lomonossov loge chez le vice-directeur de l'université, le professeur Christian Wolff[N 3], dont il suit assidûment les cours de philosophie. Il étudie également les mathématiques et les sciences physiques et la chimie, une science encore rudimentaire à l'époque, auprès du professeur Druysing, qui ne tarit pas d'éloges à son endroit. « Jeune homme très doué, Mikhaïl Lomonossov, dès son arrivée à Marbourg, a fréquenté régulièrement mes cours de mathématiques, de philosophie et surtout ceux de physique et cherche toujours passionnément à approfondir ses connaissances. Je ne doute pas, s'il poursuit ses études avec la même application, qu'il pourra, avec le temps, être utile à son pays, ce que je souhaite de mon cœur. » — Druysing, Lettre au baron Korff[8]. En quelques mois, le jeune homme apprend également l'allemand et le français. Freiberg[modifier | modifier le code]De juillet 1739 à mai 1740, Lomonossov est inscrit à l'École des mines de Freiberg, en Saxe, pour y étudier la métallurgie. Il suit les cours de Johann Friedrich Henckel (de), un praticien de la vieille école qui n'hésite pas à proclamer : « l'alchimie est la chimie par excellence[9] ». Les rapports avec Henckel ne sont pas bons : apparemment par cupidité, celui-ci renâcle à verser leur bourses aux trois étudiants qui ont, semble-t-il, laissé quelques dettes à Marbourg. Cependant, Lomonossov se consacre de plus en plus à la littérature et s'intéresse beaucoup à la versification. Sous l’influence de la poésie allemande, il conclut que le développement de la littérature russe est impossible sans réforme de la langue et des règles de versification. En 1739, sur les conseils de W. Junker, professeur de philosophie politique et morale à Freiberg, il écrit ses Lettres sur les règles de la versification russe accompagnées d’un exemple : Ode sur la victoire sur les Turcs et les Tatars et sur la prise de Khotine, qu'il dédie à l'impératrice Anna Ivanovna. Les deux textes font une grande impression auprès de l'Académie[10]. Fondant sa métrique sur le principe syllabo-tonique (au lieu de l'ancienne prosodie syllabique), l'auteur affirme que le vers peut être binaire ou tertiaire, dont le dactyle. Il mélange rimes masculines et rimes féminines. Junker fait aussi part à l'étudiant russe de ses résultats sur le traitement du sel, la fabrication de la faïence, de la porcelaine et de la verrerie[10]. Au printemps 1740, la querelle avec son professeur s'envenimant, Lomonossov cesse de suivre les cours et quitte Freiberg sans en prévenir l'Académie de Pétersbourg[9]. Le retour en Russie s'avère compliqué, car Lomonossov est sans le sou. Ses tentatives de contacter l'ambassadeur de Russie à Leipzig et Kassel échouent. L'ancien étudiant tente alors vainement de rejoindre Arkhangelsk par bateau au départ de Rotterdam et de La Haye. Suit une mésaventure digne du Candide[11] de Voltaire : alors qu'il retourne à Marbourg, Lomonossov entre en contact avec des soldats du roi de Prusse en Westphalie. Ceux-ci le saoûlent et l'enrôlent dans l'armée prussienne : Lomonossov est envoyé à la forteresse de Wesel. Il parvient cependant à s'évader et revient à Marbourg. Il se décide à redonner signe de vie à l'Académie, qui lui fournit alors l'argent pour rentrer en Russie. Durant son séjour, Lomonossov a fait la connaissance d'Élisabeth Christine Zilch, la fille de sa logeuse, qu'il épouse en juin 1740, mais qui reste en Allemagne. Après cinq ans d'absence, il arrive à Pétersbourg le 8 juillet 1741[12]. Un moujik académicien[modifier | modifier le code]En 1741, il est nommé sans affectation précise à l’académie des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg. Pour l'occuper, on lui donne à terminer un Catalogue des minéraux et des traductions d'articles allemands pour la première revue scientifique populaire russe, la Gazette d'information[13]. En 1742, il est nommé « adjoint » dans la section de Physique[14]. Son salaire de 360 roubles paraît très modeste, mais lui permettrait une existence décente, s'il était régulièrement payé, ce qui n'est pas le cas. L'institution est alors en pleine décadence et voit le nombre de ses élèves chuter. Le règne désastreux d'Anna Ivanovna a en effet donné le contrôle du pouvoir au favori - et amant de l'impératrice -, Ernst Johann von Biron, et permis la montée en force d'un « parti allemand[15] » dans tous les rouages de l'État. Lomonossov entre alors en conflit ouvert avec la direction de l'Académie, en particulier avec le conseiller Schumacher, à qui il reproche son passéisme. La réaction de Lomonossov est aussi bien « patriotique » que scientifique. Au départ, le conflit est violent - Lomonossov, fils de moujik, n'a pas de titre et s'oppose frontalement à l'incompétente coterie aristocratique qui contrôle l'Académie. Son manque de diplomatie et son tempérament violent lui valent d'ailleurs plusieurs blâmes et même quelques mois de prison (de mai 1743 à janvier 1744)[14]. La prison et l'arrivée de son épouse à Saint-Pétersbourg semblent avoir quelque peu calmé le virulent professeur. En prison, Lomonossov a composé deux odes (Méditations du matin et de soir sur la grandeur divine), qu'il a l'habileté d'envoyer à la nouvelle impératrice Élisabeth Petrovna. Son talent poétique est salué à la cour. Sur ordre de l'impératrice Élisabeth, il est libéré alors que triomphe le « parti russe ». Ivan Chouvalov - cousin du tout-puissant Pierre Ivanovitch Chouvalov, favori de l'impératrice - prend la direction de l'Académie, mais Lomonossov doit attendre plus d'un an sa nomination comme professeur. Il écrit alors une Rhétorique, un mémoire sur l'Action des dissonants chimiques en général et des Réflexions sur la cause de la chaleur et du froid[16]. En 1745, à bout de patience, Lomonossov écrit sa requête directement à l'impératrice, qui vient de s'installer à Saint-Pétersbourg. La chaire de chimie (jusqu'alors jumelée avec celle de botanique) en vacante et sa demande reçoit un accueil favorable. Le 14 juin 1745, Lomonossov prononce sa leçon inaugurale à l'Académie sur l'Éclat des métaux. En plus, Lomonossov est apprécié à la cour impériale dont il devient le poète officiel : c'est lui qui est chargé de rédiger l'ode pour célébrer le mariage de Pierre Fiodorovitch, héritier présomptif du trône, avec la princesse allemande Sophie d'Anhalt-Zerbst en août 1745[17]. Depuis lors, Lomonossov poursuit son activité sur deux axes principaux : son enseignement à l'Académie et un important travail de publication d'écrits scientifiques. De plus, malgré l'opposition de son ennemi Schumacher, il finit par obtenir la construction d'un laboratoire de chimie, un outil qui lui tient particulièrement à cœur et dont l'édification est lancée le 7 août 1748 pour s'achever au début 1749[18]. Jusqu'en 1752, selon son Journal de laboratoire, Lomonossov y réalise plus de 4 000 expériences[18]. Sa fille Hélène naît en 1750. En 1751, le succès de ses deux tragédies auprès de la cour lui vaut d'être nommée conseiller de sixième classe. Pourtant, malgré les pressions de ses mécènes qui le poussent à se consacrer uniquement à la littérature, il refuse d'abandonner son travail scientifique. « En ce qui concerne mes travaux de physique et de chimie, il me semble qu'il n'est ni nécessaire, ni possible pour moi de les abandonner. Tout homme a besoin de repos après son travail ; c'est pourquoi, quittant les affaires dont il s'occupe, il passe son temps de loisir avec des amis ou dans sa famille, fume, joue aux cartes, aux dames ou à d'autres distractions auxquelles j'ai depuis longtemps renoncé, car elles ne m'ont jamais procuré autre chose que de l'ennui. J'espère donc qu'il me sera permis, à moi aussi, pour me reposer des travaux relatifs à la composition et à la rédaction de l'Histoire de Russie et à l'embellissement de la langue russe, de me libérer quelques heures par jour pour les consacrer aux expériences de physique et de chimie au lieu de jouer au billard. » — Mikhaïl Lomonossov, Lettre du 4 janvier 1753[19]. En 1755 paraît son Traité de grammaire russe après plusieurs années de travaux. C'est la première grammaire en russe, langue que l'auteur défend avec ardeur. « Maîtresse de plusieurs langues, la langue russe n'est pas seulement supérieure à toutes celles d'Europe par l'étendue des pays où elle règne, elle l'est aussi par son ampleur et par sa richesse propres. Cela semblera incroyable aux étrangers et à certains Russes d'origine qui ont plus consacré leurs travaux aux langues étrangères qu'à la leur. Mais celui qui, non influencé par les hautes opinions établies sur ces langues étrangères portera sur la langue russe son intelligence et s'appliquera à l'approfondir, sera d'accord avec moi. L'empereur Charles Quint disait[N 4] qu'il convient de parler espagnol avec Dieu, français avec les amis, allemand avec les ennemis, italien avec les femmes. Mais s'il avait connu la langue russe, il aurait certainement ajouté qu'elle convient pour parler à tous, car il lui aurait trouvé la splendeur de l’espagnol, la vivacité du français, la force de l’allemand, la douceur de l’italien, sans compter la richesse et la puissante concision du grec et du latin[20]. […] La vigoureuse éloquence de Cicéron, la magnifique plénitude de Virgile, le charme fleuri d'Ovide ne perdent point leur qualité en russe. Les imaginations et les raisonnements les plus subtils, les diverses propriétés naturelles et les changements qui interviennent dans la structure visible du monde et dans les conditions humaines trouvent chez nous une langue qui leur convient et le mot qui les exprime ; et, s'il est des choses que nous ne pouvons définir exactement, ce n'est point notre langue qu'il faut accuser, mais notre incapacité de nous en servir. » — Mikhaïl Lomonossov, Dédicace de la « Grammaire russe » à l'impératrice Élisatbeth Petrovna, 1755[21]. Selon Lomonossov, la langue russe est autant qu'une autre apte à rendre « les intuitions et les raisonnements les plus subtils des philosophes »[22]. En 1755 également est édité son célèbre traité Sur l'utilité des livres d’église, dans lequel il pose les premiers jalons de la future langue russe littéraire (décrite par des normes et grammaticalement correcte) : il déconseille l’emploi de vocables étrangers ou barbares. il prône un retour à la langue russe telle qu’elle a été modelée. il veut garder le vieux vocabulaire ecclésiastique mais éviter les mots désuets. En 1758, il termine la première partie de l'Histoire des origines de la Russie, commencée en 1753. L'ouvrage (en russe) est publié en 1764 et largement diffusé ; il est traduit en allemand par d'Holbach en 1768, puis en français en 1769[23]. Création de l'université de Moscou[modifier | modifier le code]Toujours en butte à l'hostilité d'une partie de la direction de l'Académie de Saint-Pétersbourg, Lomonossov se lance dès 1754 énergiquement dans un projet qui lui tient à cœur de longue date, la fondation de l'université de Moscou. L'université est inaugurée en 1755 en présence de l'impératrice Élisabeth. Tout le mérite en revient à Élisabeth et à Ivan Chouvalov, « le mécène du Nord ». Le nom de Lomonossov n'est même pas prononcé, mais comme en témoigne sa correspondance, il est la cheville ouvrière du projet. Il se montre préoccupé non seulement de l'aspect didactique, mais également de l'aspect organisationnel. Sa volonté d'ouvrir l'institution le plus largement possible à toutes les couches de la population n'est pourtant pas respectée[24]. Conseiller de l'Académie de Saint-Pétersbourg[modifier | modifier le code]Le 1er mars 1757, Lomonossov, célèbre même à l'étranger, est nommé membre du conseil académique, c'est-à-dire du secrétariat de l'Académie. Il codirige l'institution avec un Schumacher vieilli et désormais discrédité : de fait, il est seul maître à bord. Lomonossov s'installe sur l'île Vassilievski et se fait construire un laboratoire dans sa propre maison. Il réorganise profondément l'Académie et le gymnase qui y donne accès, deux institutions dont il a été nommé directeur en 1758. En 1761, à l'occasion du transit de Vénus, un phénomène astronomique rarissime qui passionne l'Europe de l'époque et auquel il consacre un de ses écrits, Lomonossov découvre l'atmosphère de Vénus[25],[26],[27] (effet « Lomonossov » .Déclin et mort[modifier | modifier le code] Catherine II chez Lomonossov en 1764.La mort de l'impératrice Élisabeth le 25 décembre 1761 marque la fin d'une époque pour l'académicien. L’arrivée au pouvoir en 1762 de Catherine II marque le retour en force du « parti allemand ». Vorontzov et Chouvalov sont en disgrâce et sont remplacés par Taubert[28]. Le vieux directeur voit l'opposition à ses projets de réforme se renforcer. Les adversaires de Lomonossov l'accusent d'ivrognerie et cherchent à obtenir la démission du savant, devenu membre des académies de Suède (1760) et de Bologne (1764). Catherine II, la « Sémiramis du Nord » est soucieuse de son image dans l'Europe des Lumières, et refuse finalement cette démission. En 1764, l'impératrice fait une visite personnelle à Lomonossov. Cependant, Lomonossov est écarté. Sa dernière année voit sa santé chanceler sérieusement. « Mon ami, je sais que je vais mourir et j'envisage tranquillement la mort. Je regrette seulement de n'avoir pu réaliser tout ce que j'ai entrepris pour le développement des sciences et la gloire de l'Académie ; et maintenant, à la fin de ma vie, je vois que toutes mes entreprises vont disparaître avec moi. » — Mikhaïl Lomonossov, Lettre à l'académicien Chtéline, printemps 1765[29]. L'encyclopédiste meurt le 4 avril 1765. Le lendemain de sa mort, Catherine II fait enlever de sa maison tous les papiers du savant, et les fait détruire. Le pouvoir comprend vite l'intérêt du personnage pour sa communication » et essaie d'en faire un chantre de la monarchie. En 1668, une édition de ses Œuvres choisies est publiée par l'université de Moscou, édition soigneusement expurgées des textes les plus critiques : Hymne à la barbe, Lettres à Chouvalov sur la création de l'université de Moscou et L'accroissement et la protection du peuple russe[30]. Le troisième étage de la Kunstkamera (pour le reste, un musée d'ethnographie) à Saint-Pétersbourg lui est consacré[31]. La théorie des trois styles[modifier | modifier le code]Sa Théorie des trois styles[32] est une tentative de normaliser la langue russe : le style élevé contient des mots de vieux-slave et de la langue vernaculaire et est destiné aux odes, tragédies, poèmes héroïques et discours. le style moyen contient des mots de vieux-slave, est parlé par la noblesse et est destiné à la correspondance entre érudits, aux pièces dramaturgiques, élégies et satires. le style bas contient des mots de la langue russe et est le langage du peuple, destiné aux comédies et épigrammes. Il est cependant le premier à mélanger les trois styles dans ses œuvres. Toutes ces études théoriques sont une démarche démocratique : Lomonossov reste dans l’ambiance de la philosophie des Lumières, son rêve est d’élever la Russie au niveau culturel des autres nations d’Europe. Il a aussi écrit des articles de vulgarisation scientifique, traduit et adapté des grands poètes de l’Antiquité et contemporains. Œuvres[modifier | modifier le code] Tombeau de Lomonossov au cimetière Saint-Lazare à Saint-Pétersbourg.Les écrits de Lomonossov sont rédigés en latin, en russe et en vieux russe[N 5]. 1741 : Éléments de chimie mathématique (texte en latin écrit juste après le retour de Marbourg, inachevé et non publié[33].) 1742-1743 : 276 notes sur la physique et la philisophie corpusculaire (en latin) 1742-1744 : Essai d'une théorie sur les particules insensibles des corps et sur les causes des particules particulières (en latin) 1743 : Ode sur la méditation du matin et ode sur la méditation du soir (en russe) 1744 : Réflexion sur la cause de la chaleur et du froid (en latin) 1745 : Introduction à la « Physique expérimentale » de Wolff (en russe) 1747 : Précis d'éloquence (en russe) 1747 : Ode sur le jour de l'accession au trône de toutes les Russies de Sa Majesté l'Impératrice Élisabeth Petrovna 1748 : Note sur la pesanteur des corps et l'existence de toute éternité du mouvement premier (en latin, traduit en russe du vivant de Lomonossov) 5 juillet 1748 : Lettre à Leonhard Euler (en latin) 1748 : Essai de théorie sur la force élastique de l'air (en latin) 1749 : Naissance et origine du salpêtre (en latin) 1750-1751 : deux tragédies : Tamire et Séline Démophonte 1751 : Ode à Élisabeth 1751 : Discours sur l'utilité de la chimie (en russe et en latin) 1752 : Épître sur l'utilité du verre (en russe, publié en 1753) 1752 : Introduction au cours de chimie physique (en latin) 1753 : Discours sur les phénomènes aériens tirant leur origine de la force électrique (discours prononcé en russe, brochure séparée en latin) 1754 : Dissertation sur les devoirs des journalistes dans l'exposé qu'ils donnent des ouvrages destinés à maintenir la liberté de philosopher (en russe et en français) 1754-1757 : Grammaire russe (première grammaire en russe[34]) 1754-1757 : Histoire de l'ancienne Russie : des origines du peuple russe à la mort du Grand-duc Iaroslav Ier (en russe, traduction en allemand, puis en français) 1756 : Théorie de l'électricité exposée d'après la méthode mathématique (en russe et en latin) 1756 : Discours sur l'origine de la lumière présentant une nouvelle théorie des couleurs (en russe, traduction en latin ultérieure) 1757 : Discours sur la naissance des métaux par les tremblements de terre (en russe et en latin) 1757 : Hymne à la barbe (en russe) 1759 : Réflexions sur une plus grande précision de la voie maritime (en russe et en latin) 1760 : Réflexions sur l'origine des montagnes de glace dans les mers nordiques (Destiné à l'Académie des sciences de Suède, l'original en latin a été perdu, traductions en suédois et allemand. La traduction russe date de 1934) 1760 : Reflexions sur la solidité et la fluidité des corps (en russe et en latin) 1761 : Passage de Vénus devant le Soleil observé par l'Académie des Sciences de Pétersbourg (publications séparées en russe et en allemand) 1761 : De l'accroissement et de la protection du peuple russe 1763 : Premières bases de la métallurgie (le premier travail de Lomonossov, écrit en 1741, paraît pour la première fois en 1763[35]) et Couches terrestres (en russe) 1763 : Courte description des voies maritimes dans les mers nordiques et indications d'un passage possible dans l'océan Indien vers les Indes orientales (en russe) Notes et références[modifier | modifier le code]Notes[modifier | modifier le code]1.↑ Un serf de la Couronne n'appartenait pas à un propriétaire particulier et jouissait d'une certaine autonomie (Katia Granoff, Anthologie de la poésie russe, Paris, 1993, Gallimard, collection « Poésie », notice biographique consacrée à Mikhaïl Lomonossov, p. 18 (ISBN 978-2-07-032814-7).) 2.↑ Un alcyne = trois kopecks (Luce Langevin). 3.↑ Ancien ami et conseiller de Pierre le Grand (Luce Langevin). 4.↑ Il semble que la citation originale soit : « Je parle espagnol à Dieu, italien aux femmes, français aux hommes et allemand à mon cheval. » 5.↑ La liste est reconstituée à partir de l'ouvrage de Luce Langevin, en particulier les pages 311 et suivantes. Références[modifier | modifier le code]1.↑ Philippe van Tieghem, Pierre Josserand, Dictionnaire des littératures, Paris, PUF, 1968, p. 2395. 2.↑ Luce Langevin 1967, p. 11 3.↑ Cité par Luce Langevin 1967, p. 11 4.↑ Luce Langevin 1967, p. 12 5.↑ Luce Langevin 1967, p. 19 6.↑ Cité par Luce Langevin 1967, p. 20 7.↑ Luce Langevin 1967, p. 22 8.↑ Cité par Luce Langevin 1967, p. 23 9.↑ a et b Luce Langevin 1967, p. 24 10.↑ a et b Luce Langevin 1967, p. 25 11.↑ Voltaire, Candide, ou l’Optimisme, chapitre 2. 12.↑ Luce Langevin 1967, p. 26 13.↑ Luce Langevin 1967, p. 27 14.↑ a et b Luce Langevin 1967, p. 29 15.↑ D. S. Mirsky, Histoire de la littérature russe, p. 56, Paris, 1969, Fayard. 16.↑ Luce Langevin 1967, p. 31 17.↑ Luce Langevin 1967, p. 32 18.↑ a et b Luce Langevin 1967, p. 35 19.↑ Cité par Luce Langevin 1967, p. 41 20.↑ Cité par Mikhaïl Masline 2010, p. 502 21.↑ Tout le passage est cité par Luce Langevin 1967, p. 230 22.↑ Masline, Ibid. 23.↑ Luce Langevin 1967, p. 233 24.↑ Luce Langevin 1967, p. 45 25.↑ Marov 2004, p. 209–219 26.↑ (en) Encyclopédie Britannica en ligne: Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov [archive] 27.↑ Mikhaïl Masline 2010, p. 501 28.↑ Luce Langevin 1967, p. 51 29.↑ Cité par Luce Langevin 1967, p. 54 30.↑ Luce Langevin 1967, p. 55 31.↑ (en) Site du musée. [archive] 32.↑ D. S. Mirsky, Histoire de la littérature russe, p. 57, Paris, 1969, Fayard. 33.↑ Luce Langevin 1967, p. 79 34.↑ Luce Langevin 1967, p. 229 35.↑ Luce Langevin 1967, p. 286 Voir aussi[modifier | modifier le code]Bibliographie[modifier | modifier le code]Sur les autres projets Wikimedia : Mikhaïl Lomonossov, sur Wikimedia Commons : document utilisé comme source pour la rédaction de cet article. Luce Langevin, Lomonossov (1711-1765) : sa vie, son œuvre, Paris, Éditions sociales, mars 1967 (1re éd. 1967), 320 p. Efim Etkind, Georges Nivat, Ilya Serman et Vittorio Strada, Histoire de la littérature russe, t. 1 : Des origines aux Lumières, Paris, Fayard, 1992, 895 p. (ISBN 978-2-213-01985-7, LCCN 88146549)Mikhaïl Masline (dir.) (trad. Françoise Lesourd), Dictionnaire de la philosophie russe, Lausanne, L'Âge d'Homme, coll. « Slavica / Idéa », 2010 (1re éd. 1995), 1009 p. (ISBN 978-2-8251-4024-6), « Lomonossov Mikhaïl » Michel Heller (trad. du russe par Anne Coldefy-Faucard), Histoire de la Russie et de son empire, Paris, Flammarion, coll. « Champs Histoire », 2009 (1re éd. 1997), 985 p. (ISBN 2081235331)(en) Mikhail Ya. Marov, « Mikhail Lomonosov and the discovery of the atmosphere of Venus during the 1761 transit », Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union, 2004 (DOI 10.1017/S1743921305001390, lire en ligne)Articles connexes[modifier | modifier le code]Pont Lomonossov dans la ville de Saint-Pétersbourg. Lomonossov (anciennement Oranienbaum), ville russe dans la juridiction de Saint-Pétersbourg ; Médaille Lomonossov Manufacture de Lomonossov, manufacture de porcelaine de Saint-Pétersbourg ; Dorsale de Lomonossov relief sous-marin de l'océan Arctique ; Cratère Lomonossov sur la Lune. Liens externes[modifier | modifier le code](de) Immatriculation de Lomonossov à l'université de Marbourg (en) Notice biographique de Lomonossov (en) Lomonossov mathématicien (Étude) Passeport de Lomonossov à Marburg (1741) Всичко това показва кой кой е. А ето кой е нашият човек: Проф. Танев е член на Гражданския съвет на Реформаторския блок. Той е роден през 1957 година в София. Завършил е социология в Софийския университет „Св. Климент Охридски“. Той е един от създателите и дългогодишен ръководител на катедра „Политология“ (от 1993 до 2000 г.) в Алма матер. Ръководител е на катедра „Публична администрация“ в СУ. Преподава още в НБУ, Американския университет в България. Говори английски, руски, немски и унгарски език. Автор е на книгите „Анализ на публичните политики“, „Политическа култура“, „Стратегическо управление на публичната сфера“. При представянето на последната му книга „Държавничеството“ проф. Танев заявява: "Трябва ни български Конрад Аденауер - авторът на немското чудо след войната, който прави стратегия за следващите поколения". Главен редактор е на електронното списание Публични политики.bg. Проф. Тодор Танев беше последен в листата на Реформаторския блок в Хасково. Той сам избра да отиде на последното място след скандала, свързан с листата там, в отговор на предложението да заеме третото място след скандалните Станислав Иванов и Стефан Димитров. Станислав Димитров е син на противоречивия хасковски кмет Георги Иванов, а Стефан Димитров е бивш кмет на Димитровград и съучредител на ДБГ на Меглена Кунева и на АБВ на Георги Първанов. Преди по-малко от месец бъдещият образователен министър заявява следното в интервю за БНР по повод бъдещото правителство: „Чувам и от дясно, и от ляво готовност за кратък живот на следващия парламент. Знае се, че при огромната реформа, която трябва да се направи в България, това няма да е по силите на каквото и да е правителство и то няма да изкара своя мандат докрай. Никоя от партиите не е готова да извърши тези реформи, които трябва да се извършат. Знам, че хората са уморени, но, ако бяха гласували масово – щеше да е малко по-различно. Разглеждам като много положителен краткия хоризонт на правителството. Това е единственият начин да се направи завой нататък, накъдето трябва да ходим. Ако през тези 4 години имаме едно силно правителство, още на втората година неговите противници ще изкарат футболните агитки на улицата и ще има кръв". ИМА РАЗЛИКА, НАЛИ? |
| Ето как е писано тогава: ПРИРОДAиНАУКА, год. VII. Кн. 5—6 † Aсѣнь Златаровъ Когато говорим за него, титлите сa излишни. Познаваме редица професори, общопризнати в науката у нас и в чужбина, но Златаров е един, той заема съвсем особено място в нашата действителност. Така е, защото в Златаров природата беше съчетала един букет от качества, които го правеха, наистина, да се откройва над всички. В него духовните интереси бяха необикновено разнообразни. По специалност Златаров беше химик, но по научна култура беше и биолог. Отвлечените проблеми на съвременната математическа физика, която закръглява светогледа на днешния учен, увличаха Златарова, и заради тях нахълтваше понякога в математиката. Но върху неговите духовни интереси тежеше неговият дух на общественик, затова с особна любов се впустна той в проблемите във връзка с храненето и то на масите, на народа. Въвеждането и на едно ново културно растение у нас, на соята, ние дължим пак на пропагандата на Златаров. Това чувство на общественост именно накара Златаров да даде много, необикновено много, за популярната, общодостъп-ната наука. Наред с редицата отделни книги, той остави цял низ номера от своята библиотека „Натурофилософско четиво“. От основаването пък на „Природа и наука“ той стана неин съредактор и в продължение на седем години нашите читатели изпитваха насладата да четат неговите увлекателни научни статии. Даже когато замина да се лекува в чужбина той остави няколко статии с бележката. „Дано не ги печатите с кръстче пред името ми“. Уви! Едната излезе само 3 деня преди неговата смърт, а другата излиза с кръстче в тази книга!.. Това, което особено допринесе, щото името на Златаров да бъде днес общопознато във всеки град, във всяка паланка, това, което кара всички искрено да скърбят и да пазят за него спомен, свързан едновременно с чувство на почит и на признателност, това е неговият дух на увлечен просветител на народа, надарен с непостигната дарба на живото слово. В това отношение, без преувеличение, можем да кажем, че Златаров у нас няма равен на себе си. Когато излизаше на трибуната, неговото слово се просто лееше. Човек чувствуваше наслада от самото това магическо слово, като че ли слушаше някаква музика. Да, словото на Златаров беше като музика! Това слово го направи любимец на всички, залите, дето той говореше бяха винаги препълнени. В своите беседи Златаров разкриваше цялата своя душа, а тя бе не само душа на човек на науката, но една широка душа на човек с разностранни духовни интереси и дарби. Имаше усета на художника, перото на писателя, а всичко искаше да сглоби с проницателността на философа. Много беше вложила природата в неговата душа и затова в много области можеше да твори. Всички тези дарби на Асѣнь Златаровъ бяха съчетани със силното чувство на общественика, което го караше всички свои сили да мобилизира в служба на обществото. Там именно се крие тайната на тази необикновена обич, с която му отплащаше нашият народ. Всички чувствуваха духовната връзка, преданността на Златарова към народа и неусетно всички му отговаряха с преданост и признателност. Такъв бе Асѣнь Златаровъ за всички и затова всички го чувствуваме като най-ценна рожба на нашия народ, като общонародна културна ценност. Неговата обич към народа, неговият дух на общественост, обаче, не можеха да не оформят в него едно определено отношение към големите обществено-политически въпроси, към политическите течения. Така и трябваше да бъде: свободата на политическата мисъл е свещено право на всеки гражданин, още повече на човек, който стои високо над другите. Това същото право на свобода на мисълта може да ни кара да не се съгласяваме с някои политически разбирания на покойника, но всички сме съгласни, че и тук той служеше с всичката чистота на своята красива душа. Желанието на известни течения да включат името на Златарова в тесните свои политически рамки, опитите да използуват неговото име за своя пропаганда, само биха уронили ореола, с който трябва да бъде обкръжено името на големия покойник в съзнанието на всеки българин. Който искрено скъпи името на Асѣнь Златаровъ, няма да си позволява това. Целият български народ е запазил скъп спомен за тази своя най-ценна рожба. Асѣнь Златаровъ беше и ще си остане скъпа културна ценност на целия български народ! Да бъде вечно неговото име! Редакцията на "Природа и наука“ Името на покойника пишем тъй, както упорито продължаваше да го пише той, въпреки официалния правопис. Ето как е писано в наши дни: Asen Zlatrov: Work with Soy in Bulgaria (1885-1936) A Special Report on The History of Soy Pioneers Around the World A Chapter from the Unpublished Manuscript, History of Soybeans and Soyfoods: 1100 B.C. to the 1980s by William Shurtleff and Akiko Aoyagi ©Copyright 2004 Soyinfo Center, Lafayette, California Asen Zlatarov (sometimes spelled Assen Zlataroff in French or German) was born on 16 February 1885 in the town of Haskovo, southern Bulgaria. His father, who graduated in law in Italy, was a famous lawyer, popular social worker, and member of Parliament. While still a child, Zlatarov learned rapidly and read books in Russian and French, as well as performing chemical experiments in a self-equipped laboratory. As a student at the chemical department of Sofia University, he was attending and lecturing on philosophy and literature. Also in 1904-05 he studied at the Geneva Chemical Institute in Switzerland under the eminent scientist Prof. Carl Graebe. There, because of his broad personal interests, he also he studied literature, political economy, zoology, biochemistry, and botany and became friends with the famous French socialist leader, philosopher, and peace activist Jane Jores (1859-1914). Zlatarov first became acquainted with soybeans and soyfoods in 1906, when he visited the Chinese pavilion at the World Exposition in Milan, Italy (Source??). His interest in the subject deepened over the years. In 1908 in Grenoble (France) he wrote his doctoral thesis and was awarded his degree in physics and chemistry. In 1909 he began post-graduate work in biochemistry and the chemistry of foodstuffs at the newly established Institute of Bromatology in Munich, Germany, under the guidance of Prof. T. Paule. Bromatology is the scientific study of all aspects of foods and nutrition, based on chemistry, physiology, biology, and biochemistry, and leading to practical "chemistry in the kitchen." A. Zlatarov wrote extensively about the practical value of bromatology. This unique institute gathered together chemists, biochemists, physicians, ethnographers, and historians. They were doing research on the foodstuffs and the cooking habits/recipes world-wide, including ancient Babylon, China, India, Greece, Rome, and tribal cultures. The kitchen was also headed by a professor. After his return to Bulgaria in Nov. 1910, Zlatarov became an assistant in organic chemistry at Sofia University and a regular contributor to medical, philosophical, literary, etc. periodicals, both in Bulgaria and abroad. In 1911 he wrote his first book, titled "Philosophy of Biology." With this, he began to publish his research on the chemistry of Bulgaria's foodstuffs. From 1 Sept. 1920 he was a reader in physiological and organic chemistry and biochemistry at the chemical and medical departments of Sofia University. In 1224 he became a professor there, and in 1935 he became dean and head of the chair in organic chemistry at the physico-mathematical faculty. In 1918 Zlatarov began chemical and cooking research on soya. He became active in speaking and writing about soybean cultivation and practical usage, and established communication with various organizations throughout Bulgaria. At the same time, he also actively promoted chick-peas (garbanzo beans). In 1920 he published his first work on soya, a comprehensive 44-page booklet. During the early 1920s he published more works on all aspects of soybeans, including one in German. Between 1920 and 1936 he published at least 17 works on soybeans. It was not until 1929 that another Bulgarian, Dona Kalcheva, his student, published a full (122-page) book soybeans. In about 1923 (Source??) a special Soya State Commission "concluded" that soybean culture in Bulgaria was not thriving well; it was very expensive, hard to digest, and lacked sufficient markets. So Zlatarov entered a long, open debate, with may talks and publications, about the importance of the soybean. He pointed out the ability of the soybean plant to enrich the soil with nitrogen. He investigated 3 soybean varieties grown in Bulgaria (yellow, green, and black ones) and compared them chemically with other leguminous plants. He analyzed the composition of soymilk and soy cheese, comparing them to similar products from the milk of humans, cows, buffaloes, sheeps, and goats. The Bulgarian Agricultural Association accepted the new crop, production began to rise rapidly, and in 1935 the first Soya Exposition was held in Bulgaria. Prof. Zlatarov was an internationally famous scientist with broad interests, especially in the fields of biochemistry, biology, philosophy, botany, literature, and art. He made numerous original investigations in organic chemistry, biochemistry, and especially bromatology. Most of his studies were confirmed only recently (like his work on the role of micronutrients, zinc metabolism on the etiology of cancer cells). Zlatarov was a pioneer in Bulgaria in the field of bromatology, vitamin therapy, and enzyme chemistry. He not only established the common questions in the science of foodstuffs, cooking, and nutrition, he also did research on the content of the specific national Bulgarian foods, the way for their cooking/preparation and use. He did a detailed statistical analytical study of the differences in the nutrition among social classes, and pointed out the way against world hunger and chronic unwholesome malnutrition, with the help of soyfoods, chick-peas, and an entirely new scientific food industry. Zlatarov's influence on the field of soybeans and soyfoods increased during the 1930s. He gave numerous popular and scientific lectures and authored many publications, in both Bulgaria and abroad, in German and French. The famous biochemist also discussed the therapeutic value of soyfoods, and forecast the great future of the soybean crop and of vegetarianism. On 22 December 1936, at age 51 and in the prime of his active career, Assen Zlatarov died suddenly in Vienna after two unsuccessful operation. His funeral in Sofia was an imposing statement of his whole country's love for him and his work. During his lifetime he gave more than 900 talks and wrote about 10,000 printed pages (of which about 3,300 pages were in scientific publications). Between 1905 and 1937 he published 660 titles, including textbooks, scientific papers, popular articles, etc. Of these, 80 were strictly scientific and 30 were published in foreign languages. About 20% of his popular writings were in the field of bromatology. He wrote and spoke at length against smoking, drugs, and drinking. From 1922 he was founder and chief editor of the journal Himia i Industria (Chemistry and Industry), and a founder of several other scientific and popular serial publications. He was a collaborator on 14 foreign and 37 Bulgarian journals, and 107 newspapers. He was a member of the Socie'te de Linnie biologique (Paris). He was chairman of the League of Bulgarian Chemists from 1922 until the end of his life. He wrote several wonderful books of poetry (Flowers for Him, A Song for Her, In the Town of Love, etc.) and numerous sketches for other writers, poets, etc. On 18 Nov. 1926 the great Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore wrote a dedication to him in Sofia in a book. Asen Zlatarov belongs to those sons of Bulgaria and of humankind who are bears or a complex spiritual world and who achieve remarkable balance between the richly diverse powers within themselves. He placed his great talents in the service of life, and had a great love of people. Thus he remains forever in the memory of generations of Bulgarians as an unforgettable universal personality, a great example of a harmonious, developed person. After his untimely death, the work with soya in Bulgaria slowed down greatly, although soybeans were still being grown for the Nazis in Germany (Rosen L. Paskalev, July 1986). Ето как пише в Британика: Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov, (born Nov. 19 [Nov. 8, old style], 1711, near Kholmogory, Russia—died April 15 [April 4, O.S.], 1765, St. Petersburg), Russian poet, scientist, and grammarian who is often considered the first great Russian linguistic reformer. He also made substantial contributions to the natural sciences, reorganized the St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Sciences, established in Moscow the university that today bears his name, and created the first coloured glass mosaics in Russia. Lomonosov was the son of a poor fisherman. At the age of 10 he too took up that line of work. When the few books he was able to obtain could no longer satisfy his growing thirst for knowledge, in December 1730, he left his native village, penniless and on foot, for Moscow. His ambition was to educate himself to join the learned men on whom the tsar Peter I the Great was calling to transform Russia into a modern nation. The clergy and the nobility, attached to their privileges and fearing the spread of education and science, actively opposed the reforms of which Lomonosov was a lifelong champion. His bitter struggle began as soon as he arrived in Moscow. In order to be admitted to the Slavonic–Greek–Latin Academy he had to conceal his humble origin; the sons of nobles jeered at him, and he had scarcely enough money for food and clothes. But his robust health and exceptional intelligence enabled him in five years to assimilate the eight-year course of study; during this time he taught himself Greek and read the philosophical works of antiquity. Noticed at last by his instructors, in January 1736 Lomonosov became a student at the St. Petersburg Academy. Seven months later he left for Germany to study at the University of Marburg, where he led the turbulent life of the German student. His work did not suffer, however, for within three years he had surveyed the main achievements of Western philosophy and science. His mind, freed from all preconception, rebelled at the narrowness of the empiricism in which the disciples of Isaac Newton had bound the natural sciences; in dissertations sent to St. Petersburg, he attacked the problem of the structure of matter. In 1739, in Freiberg, Lomonosov studied firsthand the technologies of mining, metallurgy, and glassmaking. Also friendly with the poets of the time, he freely indulged the love of verse that had arisen during his childhood with the reading of Psalms. The “Ode,” dedicated to the Empress, and the Pismo o pravilakh rossiyskogo stikhotvorstva (“Letter Concerning the Rules of Russian Versification” made a considerable impression at court.After breaking with one of his masters, the chemist Johann Henckel, and many other mishaps, among which his marriage at Marburg must be included, Lomonosov returned in July 1741 to St. Petersburg. The Academy, which was directed by foreigners and incompetent nobles, gave the young scholar no precise assignment, and the injustice aroused him. His violent temper and great strength sometimes led him to go beyond the rules of propriety, and in May 1743 he was placed under arrest. Two odes sent to the empress Elizabeth won him his liberation in January 1744, as well as a certain poetic prestige at the Academy. While in prison he worked out the plan of work that he had already developed in Marburg. The 276 zametok po fizike i korpuskulyarnoy filosofi (“276 Notes on Corpuscular Philosophy and Physics” set forth the dominant ideas of his scientific work. Appointed a professor by the Academy in 1745, he translated Christian Wolff’s Institutiones philosophiae experimentalis (“Studies in Experimental Philosophy” into Russian and wrote, in Latin, important works on the Meditationes de Caloris et Frigoris Causa (1747; “Cause of Heat and Cold”, the Tentamen Theoriae de vi Aëris Elastica (1748; “Elastic Force of Air”, and the Theoria Electricitatis (1756; “Theory of Electricity”. His friend, the celebrated German mathematician Leonhard Euler, recognized the creative originality of his articles, which were, on Euler’s advice, published by the Russian Academy in the Novye kommentari.In 1748 the laboratory that Lomonosov had been requesting since 1745 was granted him; it then began a prodigious amount of activity. He passionately undertook many tasks and, courageously facing ill will and hostility, recorded in three years more than 4,000 experiments in his Zhurnal laboratori, the results of which enabled him to set up a coloured glass works and to make mosaics with these glasses. Slovo o polze khimi (1751; “Discourse on the Usefulness of Chemistry” , the Pismo k I.I. Shuvalovu o polze stekla (1752; “Letter to I.I. Shuvalov Concerning the Usefulness of Glass”, and the “Ode” to Elizabeth celebrated his fruitful union of abstract and applied science. Anxious to train students, he wrote in 1752 an introduction to the physical chemistry course that he was to set up in his laboratory. The theories on the unity of natural phenomena and the structure of matter that he set forth in the discussion on the Slovo o proiskhozhdeni sveta (1756; “Origin of Light and Colours” and in his theoretical works on electricity in 1753 and 1756 also matured in this laboratory.Encouraged by the success of his experiments in 1760, Lomonosov inserted in the Meditationes de Solido et Fluido (“Reflections on the Solidity and Fluidity of Bodies” the “universal law of nature”—that is, the law of conservation of matter and energy, which, with the corpuscular theory, constitutes the dominant thread in all his research.To these achievements were added the composition of Rossiyskaya grammatika and of Kratkoy rossiyskoy letopisets (“Short Russian Chronicle” , ordered by the Empress, and all the work of reorganizing education, to which Lomonosov accorded much importance.From 1755 he followed very closely the development of Moscow State University (now Moscow M.V. Lomonosov State University), for which he had drawn up the plans. Appointed a councillor by the Academy in 1757, he undertook reforms to make the university an intellectual centre closely linked with the life of the country. To that end, he wrote several scholarly works including Rassuzhdeniye o bolshoy tochnosti morskogo puti (1759; “Discussion of the Great Accuracy of the Maritime Route” ; Rassuzhdeniye o proiskhozhdenii ledyanykh gor v severnykh moryakh (1760; “Discussion of the Formation of Icebergs in the Northern Seas”; Kratkoye opisaniye raznykh puteshestviy po severnym moryam . . . (1762–63; “A Short Account of the Various Voyages in the Northern Seas”; and O sloyakh zemnykh (1763; “Of the Terrestrial Strata”, which constituted an important contribution both to science and to the development of commerce and the exploitation of mineral wealth.Despite the honours that came to him, he continued to lead a simple and industrious life, surrounded by his family and a few friends. He left his house and the laboratory erected in his garden only to go to the Academy. His prestige was considerable in Russia, and his scientific works and his role in the Academy were known abroad. He was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and of that of Bologna. His theories concerning heat and the constitution of matter were opposed by the empiricist scientists of Germany, although they were analyzed with interest in European scientific journals. The persecutions he suffered, particularly after the empress Elizabeth’s death in 1762 (1761, Old Style) exhausted him physically, and he died in 1765. The empress Catherine II the Great had the patriotic scholar buried with great ceremony, but she confiscated all the notes in which were outlined the great humanitarian ideas he had developed. Publications of his works were purged of the material that constituted a menace to the system of serfdom, particularly that concerned with materialist and humanist ideas. Efforts were made to view him as a court poet and an upholder of monarchy and religion rather than as an enemy of superstition and a champion of popular education. The authorities did not succeed in quenching the influence of his work, however. The publication of his Polnoye sobraniye sochineny (“Complete Works” in 1950–83 by Soviet scholars has revealed the full contributions of Lomonosov, who has long been misunderstood by historians of science.Luce-Andrée Langevin И ето как пише Уикито за Фр. Жолио: Biography[edit]Early years[edit]Born in Paris, France, he was a graduate of the École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris.[1] In 1925 he became an assistant to Marie Curie, at the Radium Institute. He fell in love with her daughter Irène Curie, and soon after their marriage in 1926 they both changed their surnames to Joliot-Curie. At the insistence of Marie, Joliot-Curie obtained a second baccalauréat, a bachelor's degree, and a doctorate in science, doing his thesis on the electrochemistry of radio-elements. Career[edit]While a lecturer at the Paris Faculty of Science, he collaborated with his wife on research on the structure of the atom, in particular on the projection, or recoil, of nuclei that had been struck by other particles, which was an essential step in the discovery of the neutron by Chadwick in 1932. In 1935 they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their discovery of "artificial radioactivity," resulting from the creation of short-lived radioisotopes from the bombardment of stable nuclides such as boron, magnesium, and aluminum with alpha particles. In 1937 he left the Radium Institute to become a professor at the Collège de France working on chain reactions and the requirements for the successful construction of a nuclear reactor that uses controlled nuclear fission to generate energy through the use of uranium and heavy water. Joliot-Curie was one of the scientists mentioned in Albert Einstein's letter to President Roosevelt as one of the leading scientists on the course to chain reactions. The Second World War, however, largely stalled Joliot's research, as did his subsequent post-war administrative duties. Stamp Issued by Romania commemorating Frédéric Joliot-Curie.At the time of the Nazi invasion in 1940, Joliot-Curie managed to smuggle his working documents and materials to England with Hans von Halban and Lew Kowarski. During the French occupation he took an active part in the French Resistance as a member of the National Front. Collins and LaPierre in their book Is Paris Burning? note that during the Paris uprising in August 1944 he served in the Prefecture of Police manufacturing for his fellow insurgents Molotov cocktails, the Resistance's principal weapon against German tanks. The Prefecture was the scene of some of the most intense fighting during the uprising. Post-war[edit]After the Liberation, he served as director of the French National Center for Scientific Research, and appointed by Charles De Gaulle in 1945, he became France's first High Commissioner for Atomic Energy. In 1944 French physicists, Pierre Auger and Jules Gueron were working on the British nuclear weapons research program at Chalk River in Canada. As France was being liberated by the Normandy invasion, they returned to France to inform Frederic Joliot-Curie of the progress of the American/British nuclear weapon program. Frederic passed on that information to his Soviet friends. In 1948 he oversaw the construction of the first French atomic reactor. A devoted communist, he was purged in 1950 and relieved of most of his duties, but retained his professorship at the Collège de France. Joliot-Curie was one of the eleven signatories to the Russell-Einstein Manifesto in 1955. On the death of his wife in 1956, he took over her position as Chair of Nuclear Physics at the Sorbonne. Joliot-Curie was a member of the French Academy of Sciences and of the Academy of Medicine and named a Commander of the Legion of Honour. He was awarded the Stalin Peace Prize in 1951 for his work as president of the World Council of Peace. Personal life[edit] The Joliot-Curies in the 1940sFrédéric and Irène hyphenated their surnames to Joliot-Curie after they married on October 4, 1926 in Paris, France, although their daughter, Hélène Langevin-Joliot has said, "Many people used to name my parents Joliot-Curie, but they signed their scientific papers Irène Curie and Frédéric Joliot."[2] Their daughter Hélène, who would also become a noted physicist, was born in 1927. Their son, Pierre, a biologist, was born in 1932. Frédéric Joliot-Curie devoted the last years of his life to the creation of a centre for nuclear physics at Orsay, where his children were educated. On his religious views, Joliot-Curie was an atheist.[3] Legacy[edit]The crater Joliot on the Moon is named after him. A street in an upmarket neighborhood of Sofia, Bulgaria and the nearby metro station is named after Frédéric Joliot-Curie. There is furthermore a street named after him in the Rivière-des-Prairies borough of North Montreal, Canada and in Bucharest, Romania, and in Warsaw and Wrocław, Poland. External links[edit] Wikiquote has quotations related to: Frédéric Joliot-Curie Goldsmith, Maurice (1976). Frédéric Joliot-Curie: a biography. London: Lawrence & Wilshart. ISBN 0-85315-342-6. Biquard, Pierre (1966). Joliot-Curie: The Man and His Theories. New York: Paul S. Erickson. За този човек ето какво пише: Министър на образованието във второто правителство с премиер Бойко Борисов ще бъде проф. Тодор Танев. Проф. Танев е член на Гражданския съвет на Реформаторския блок. Той е роден през 1957 година в София. Завършил е социология в Софийския университет „Св. Климент Охридски“. Той е един от създателите и дългогодишен ръководител на катедра „Политология“ (от 1993 до 2000 г.) в Алма матер. Ръководител е на катедра „Публична администрация“ в СУ. Преподава още в НБУ, Американския университет в България. Говори английски, руски, немски и унгарски език. Автор е на книгите „Анализ на публичните политики“, „Политическа култура“, „Стратегическо управление на публичната сфера“. При представянето на последната му книга „Държавничеството“ проф. Танев заявява: "Трябва ни български Конрад Аденауер - авторът на немското чудо след войната, който прави стратегия за следващите поколения". Главен редактор е на електронното списание Публични политики.bg. Проф. Тодор Танев беше последен в листата на Реформаторския блок в Хасково. Той сам избра да отиде на последното място след скандала, свързан с листата там, в отговор на предложението да заеме третото място след скандалните Станислав Иванов и Стефан Димитров. Станислав Димитров е син на противоречивия хасковски кмет Георги Иванов, а Стефан Димитров е бивш кмет на Димитровград и съучредител на ДБГ на Меглена Кунева и на АБВ на Георги Първанов. Преди по-малко от месец бъдещият образователен министър заявява следното в интервю за БНР по повод бъдещото правителство: „Чувам и от дясно, и от ляво готовност за кратък живот на следващия парламент. Знае се, че при огромната реформа, която трябва да се направи в България, това няма да е по силите на каквото и да е правителство и то няма да изкара своя мандат докрай. Никоя от партиите не е готова да извърши тези реформи, които трябва да се извършат. Знам, че хората са уморени, но, ако бяха гласували масово – щеше да е малко по-различно. Разглеждам като много положителен краткия хоризонт на правителството. Това е единственият начин да се направи завой нататък, накъдето трябва да ходим. Ако през тези 4 години имаме едно силно правителство, още на втората година неговите противници ще изкарат футболните агитки на улицата и ще има кръв". Който иска, да направи разликата. Във форумите се срещат мнения, които са предубедени, цинични и просто глупави. Друг е въпросът, че такава е генералната линия - да затъпява "популациятя", да се изравняват българите с циганите, а не както беше преди - да уважаваме циганите, но да им помагаме с тяхна помощ. Гледайки клипа и снимките, вижда се и Михо Неделчев, и други хора наоколо. Не имли беше неудобно? Впрочем на Михо едва ли, той си ги мери отдавна. Горко на наш народ! Ако остане такъв. Учете английски ... Бе пишман-министре, това ли намери да им кажеш? Те или си го знаят вече, или ще го научат така и така. И ще откриват нови елементи под твоите напътствия, след смеха в залатакой ще те вземе насериозно? Дай път на някой поне,например на предишната министърка от служебния кабинет! |
| лабдев, бъди така добър да разкараш щуротията си и да пуснеш линк към нея. постинг от 50 000 символа, при това пуснат два пъти, иде малко в повече  |
| Като учен, не се наемам да коментирам доколко е прав министъра в твърденията си, но се чувствам некомфортно от крайностите в неговото изказване. Такъв изказ е характерен за видни личности в нашия обществен живот като Митьо Пищова, внука на Тодор Живков в Биг Брадър, чалга-певиците, националните ни футболисти и още ред знаменисости. Но е абсолютно недопустим за един професор. Комунистите налагаха международни имена само ако са свързани с Русия и Съветския Съюз и повечето от тези имена са със спорен авторитет. Но аз бих се чувствал по-комфортно ако министърът беше предложил тази поредица от портрети да бъде разширена с нови имена, които несправедливо бяха игнорирани от комунистите. Всъщност, далеч повече бих се радвал ако министърът предложи да се заменят портретите на знайни и незнайни чужди имена с такива на българи. Прототипът на съвременните компютри на Джон Атанасов, фотоелектретното състояние, на акад Наджаков, което е в основата на копирните машини, дигиталният часовник, творчеството на писатели-дисиденти като Георги Марков и още поне 5-6 биха могли да запълнят една класна стая. И да не са само портрети, които нищо не означават, а с кратко описание като за ученици в какво се състои приносът на тези велики българи. А дали Фредерик Жолио бил комунист или педераст, това едва ли има такова огромно значение за бъдещето на нашата нация, че да бъде дискутирано. В час на класния ръководител могат да се обсъждат постиженията на наши видни българи, простичко, като за деца. Достатъчно е да се изброят 8 имена за държава от 8 милиона, т.е. едно на милион. И да се направи равносметка, дали други многомилионни нации имат същия световен принос. Една Турция, която е на Балканите, със 100 милиона население дали може да извади 100-тина световни учени, писатели, инженери, каквито и да са? Тези факти могат да укрепят самочувствието на много деца, а дали Златаров е ходил в Русия или в Македония, това си е въпрос на личен избор. Ако някой е ходил в Китай какво, хунвейбин ли е станал? Отишъл, върнал се, жив и здрав. |