Създаване на електрическата крушка ..
Добави мнение Мнения:9
| Крайно интересна дискусия , се заформи в една друга соба .. Интересно е, мисля , как обикновени предмети от ежедневието с които сме свикнали, са дошли до нас след изминаване на дълъг път .. В 1840 году англичанин Деларю производит первую лампу накаливания (с платиновой спиралью) В 1854 году немец Генрих Гёбель разработал первую «современную» лампу: обугленную бамбуковую нить в вакуумированном сосуде. В последующие 5 лет он разработал то, что многие называют первой практичной лампой. В 1860 год английский химик и физик Джозеф Уилсон Суон продемонстрировал первые результаты и получил патент, однако трудности в получении вакуума привели к тому, что лампа Суона работала недолго и неэффективно. 11 июля 1874 года российский инженер Александр Николаевич Лодыгин получил патент за номером 1619 на нитевую лампу. В качестве нити накала он использовал угольный стержень, помещённый в вакуумированный сосуд. В 1875 году В. Ф. Дидрихсон усовершенствовал лампу Лодыгина, осуществив откачку воздуха из неё и применив в лампе несколько волосков (в случае перегорания одного из них, следующий включался автоматически). В 1875—1876 годах русский электротехник Павел Николаевич Яблочков, работая над «электрической свечой», открыл, что каолин, который он использовал для изоляции углей свечи, электропроводен при высокой температуре. После чего он создал «каолиновую лампу», где «нить накала» была изготовлена из каолина. Особенностью данной лампы было то, что она не требовала вакуума, и «нить накала» не перегорала на открытом воздухе. Однако Яблочков считал, что лампы накаливания неперспективны, и не верил в возможность их применения в широком масштабе. «Каолиновая лампа» была забыта, и позже немецкий физик Вальтер Нернст создал аналогичную лампу, где тело накала было из керамического материала, изготовленного из диоксида циркония, стабилизированного оксидом иттрия. Лампа Нернста также не требовала вакуума, так как керамика устойчива к окислению на воздухе. Особенностью применения «каолиновой лампы» Яблочкова и лампы Нернста является то, что тело накала предварительно нужно разогреть до относительно высокой температуры, до появления достаточной электропроводности; дальнейший разогрев тела накала до белого каления производится электрическим током, протекающим через него. В первых таких лампах «нить накала» подогревалась спичкой, впоследствии для предварительного нагрева стали использовать пусковые электрические нагреватели Английский изобретатель Джозеф Уилсон Суон получил в 1878 году британский патент на лампу с угольным волокном. В его лампах волокно находилось в разреженной кислородной атмосфере, что позволяло получать очень яркий свет. Во второй половине 1870-х годов американский изобретатель Томас Эдисон проводит исследовательскую работу, в которой он пробует в качестве нити различные металлы. В 1879 году он патентует лампу с платиновой нитью. В 1880 году он возвращается к угольному волокну и создаёт лампу с временем жизни 40 часов. Подбирая материал для нити, Эдисон провёл около 1500 испытаний различных материалов, а затем ещё около 6000 опытов по карбонизации различных растений. Одновременно Эдисон изобрёл бытовой поворотный выключатель. Несмотря на столь непродолжительное время жизни, его лампы вытесняют использовавшееся до тех пор газовое освещение. Некоторое время изобретение носило обобщённое имя «Эдисона-Суона». В 1890-х годах А. Н. Лодыгин изобретает несколько типов ламп с нитями накала из тугоплавких металлов. Лодыгин предложил применять в лампах нити из вольфрама (именно такие применяются во всех современных лампах) и молибдена и закручивать нить накаливания в форме спирали. Он предпринял первые попытки откачивать из ламп воздух, что сохраняло нить от окисления и увеличивало их срок службы во много раз. Первая американская коммерческая лампа с вольфрамовой спиралью впоследствии производилась по патенту Лодыгина. С конца 1890-х годов появились лампы с нитью накаливания из окиси магния, тория, циркония и иттрия (лампа Нернста) или нить из металлического осмия (лампа Ауэра) и тантала (лампа Больтона и Фейерлейна) В 1906 году Лодыгин продаёт патент на вольфрамовую нить компании General Electric. В том же 1906 году в США он построил и пустил в ход завод по электрохимическому получению вольфрама, хрома, титана. В 1910 году Вильям Дэвид Кулидж изобретает улучшенный метод производства вольфрамовой нити. Впоследствии вольфрамовая нить вытесняет все другие виды нитей. Ето и за Лодигин : Особо надо отметить полученные им в этот период патенты на лампы с нитями из тугоплавких металлов, проданные в 1906 году «Дженерал электрик компани». В 1884 году организовал в Париже производство ламп накаливания и прислал в Санкт-Петербург партию ламп для 3-й электротехнической выставки. В 1893 году обратился к нити накала из тугоплавких металлов, применявшейся им в Париже для мощных ламп 100—400 свечей. В 1894 году в Париже организовал ламповую фирму «Лодыгин и де Лиль». В 1900 году участвовал во Всемирной выставке в Париже. В 1906 году в США построил и пустил в ход завод по электрохимическому получению вольфрама, хрома, титана. Важное направление изобретательской деятельности — разработка электрических печей сопротивления и индукционных для плавки металлов, меленита, стекла, закалки и отжига стальных изделий, получения фосфора, кремния. В 1895 году Лодыгин женился на журналистке Алме Шмидт, дочери немецкого инженера. У них родилось две дочери, в 1901 году — Маргарита, а в 1902 году — Вера. | |
Редактирано: 4 пъти. Последна промяна от: sim4o |
| >>><<< Както вече писах в комшийската тема, всяка по-едричка нация тегли чергата към себе си. И не само това, прави се, че не знае нищо за другите или почти нищо.: The first incandescent electric light was made in 1800 by Humphry Davy, an English scientist. He experimented with electricity and invented an electric battery. When he connected wires to his battery and a piece of carbon, the carbon glowed, producing light. This is called an electric arc. Much later, in 1860, the English physicist Sir Joseph Wilson Swan (1828-1914) was determined to devise a practical, long-lasting electric light. He found that a carbon paper filament worked well, but burned up quickly. In 1878, he demonstrated his new electric lamps in Newcastle, England. The inventor Thomas Alva Edison (in the USA) experimented with thousands of different filaments to find just the right materials to glow well and be long-lasting. In 1879, Edison discovered that a carbon filament in an oxygen-free bulb glowed but did not burn up for 40 hours. Edison eventually produced a bulb that could glow for over 1500 hours. Lewis Howard Latimer (1848-1928) improved the light bulb by inventing a carbon filament (patented in 1881); Latimer was a member of Edison's research team, which was called "Edison's Pioneers." In 1882, Latimer developed and patented a method of manufacturing his carbon filaments. In 1903, Willis R. Whitney invented a treatment for the filament so that it wouldn't darken the inside of the bulb as it glowed. In 1910, William David Coolidge (1873-1975) invented a tungsten filament which lasted even longer than the older filaments. The incandescent bulb revolutionized the world While Davy's arc lamp was certainly an improvement on Volta's stand-alone piles, it still wasn't a very practical source of lighting. This rudimentary lamp burned out quickly and was much too bright for use in a home or workspace. But the principles behind Davy's arc light were used throughout the 1800s in the development of many other electric lamps and bulbs. In 1840, British scientist Warren de la Rue developed an efficiently designed light bulb using a coiled platinum filament in place of copper, but the high cost of platinum kept the bulb from becoming a commercial success. And in 1848, Englishman William Staite improved the longevity of conventional arc lamps by developing a clockwork mechanism that regulated the movement of the lamps' quick-to-erode carbon rods. But the cost of the batteries used to power Staite's lamps put a damper on the inventor's commercial ventures. Joseph Swan In 1850, English chemist Joseph Swan solved the cost-effectiveness problem of previous inventors by developing a light bulb that used carbonized paper filaments in place of ones made of platinum. Like earlier renditions of the light bulb, Swan's filaments were placed in a vacuum tube to minimize their exposure to oxygen, extending their lifespan. Unfortunately for Swan, the vacuum pumps of his day were not efficient as they are now, and his first prototype for a cost-effective bulb never went to market. While Swan waited for the development of quality vacuum pumps, an American inventor, Charles Francis Brush, was busy developing an electric arc lighting system that would eventually be adopted throughout the United States and Europe during the 1880s. While not truly a light bulb, Brush's lighting systems could be used wherever bright lights were needed — such as in streetlights and inside commercial buildings. To power his systems, Brush developed dynamos — or electric generators — similar to those used that would one day be used to power Edison's electric lamps. In 1874, Canadian inventors Henry Woodward and Matthew Evans filed a patent for an electric lamp with different-sized carbon rods held between electrodes in a glass cylinder filled with nitrogen. The pair tried, unsuccessfully, to commercialize their lamps but eventually sold their patent to Edison in 1879. The first practical incandescent light bulb Edison and his team of researchers in Edison's laboratory in Menlo Park, N.J., tested more than 3,000 designs for bulbs between 1878 and 1880. In November 1879, Edison filed a patent for an electric lamp with a carbon filament. The patent listed several materials that might be used for the filament, including cotton, linen and wood. Edison spent the next year finding the perfect filament for his new bulb, testing more than 6,000 plants to determine which material would burn the longest. Several months after the 1879 patent was granted, Edison and his team discovered that a carbonized bamboo filament could burn for more than 1,200 hours. Bamboo was used for the filaments in Edison's bulbs until it began to be replaced by longer-lasting materials in the 1880s and early 1900s. [Related: What's the Longest Burning Light Bulb?] In 1882, Lewis Howard Latimer, one of Edison's researchers, patented a more efficient way of manufacturing carbon filaments. And in 1903, Willis R. Whitney invented a treatment for these filaments that allowed them to burn bright without darkening the insides of their glass bulbs. Tungsten filaments William David Coolidge, an American physicist with General Electric, improved the company's method of manufacturing tungsten filaments in 1910. Tungsten, which has the highest melting point of any chemical element, was known by Edison to be an excellent material for light bulb filaments, but the machinery needed to produce super-fine tungsten wire was not available in the late nineteenth century. Tungsten is still the primary material used in incandescent bulb filaments today. The success of Edison's light bulb was followed by the founding of the Edison Electric Illuminating Company of New York in 1880. The company was started with financial contributions from J.P. Morgan and other wealthy investors of the time. The company constructed the first electrical generating stations that would power electrical system and newly patented bulbs. The first generating station was opened in September 1882 on Pearl Street in lower Manhattan. 4Incandescent Bulbs Light the Way Long before Thomas Edison patented -- first in 1879 and then a year later in 1880 -- and began commercializing his incandescent light bulb, British inventors were demonstrating that electric light was possible with the arc lamp. In 1835, the first constant electric light was demonstrated, and for the next 40 years, scientists around the world worked on the incandescent lamp, tinkering with the filament (the part of the bulb that produces light when heated by an electrical current) and the bulb’s atmosphere (whether air is vacuumed out of the bulb or it is filled with an inert gas to prevent the filament from oxidizing and burning out). These early bulbs had extremely short lifespans, were too expensive to produce or used too much energy. When Edison and his researchers at Menlo Park came onto the lighting scene, they focused on improving the filament -- first testing carbon, then platinum, before finally returning to a carbon filament. By October 1879, Edison’s team had produced a light bulb with a carbonized filament of uncoated cotton thread that could last for 14.5 hours. They continued to experiment with the filament until settling on one made from bamboo that gave Edison’s lamps a lifetime of up to 1,200 hours -- this filament became the standard for the Edison bulb for the next 10 years. Edison also made other improvements to the light bulb, including creating a better vacuum pump to fully remove the air from the bulb and developing the Edison screw (what is now the standard socket fittings for light bulbs). (Historical footnote: One can’t talk about the history of the light bulb without mentioning William Sawyer and Albon Man, who received a U.S. patent for the incandescent lamp, and Joseph Swan, who patented his light bulb in England. There was debate on whether Edison’s light bulb patents infringed on these other inventors’ patents. Eventually Edison’s U.S. lighting company merged with the Thomson-Houston Electric Company -- the company making incandescent bulbs under the Sawyer-Man patent -- to form General Electric, and Edison’s English lighting company merged with Joseph Swan’s company to form Ediswan in England.) What makes Edison’s contribution to electric lighting so extraordinary is that he didn’t stop with improving the bulb -- he developed a whole suite of inventions that made the use of light bulbs practical. Edison modeled his lighting technology on the existing gas lighting system. In 1882 with the Holborn Viaduct in London, he demonstrated that electricity could be distributed from a centrally located generator through a series of wires and tubes (also called conduits). Simultaneously, he focused on improving the generation of electricity, developing the first commercial power utility called the Pearl Street Station in lower Manhattan. And to track how much electricity each customer was using, Edison developed the first electric meter. While Edison was working on the whole lighting system, other inventors were continuing to make small advances, improving the filament manufacturing process and the efficiency of the bulb. The next big change in the incandescent bulb came with the invention of the tungsten filament by European inventors in 1904. These new tungsten filament bulbs lasted longer and had a brighter light compared to the carbon filament bulbs. In 1913, Irving Langmuir figured out that placing an inert gas like nitrogen inside the bulb doubled its efficiency. Scientists continued to make improvements over the next 40 years that reduced the cost and increased the efficiency of the incandescent bulb. But by the 1950s, researchers still had only figured out how to convert about 10 percent of the energy the incandescent bulb used into light and began to focus their energy on other lighting solutions. |
Интересно е, мисля , как обикновени предмети от ежедневието с които сме свикнали, са дошли до нас след изминаване на дълъг път ..  Особено когато се разделяме завинаги с такива предмети. Като се замисля, децата не са виждали на живо радиолампа. Не са виждали и магнетофонна ролка, тук там са виждали касетка или видеокасета. А бъдещите поколения няма да са докосвали с ръце и обикновенна електическа крушка. Но все пак електическата крушка имаше доста дълъг живот.  |
| В сградата на една пожарна служба в Америка/естествено/, има крушка, която свети вече повече от 100 години. | |
Редактирано: 1 път. Последна промяна от: Уилт |
Уилт 03 Юли 2017 13:44 В сградата на една пожарна служба в Америка/естествено/, има крушка, която свети вече повече от 100 години. Крушката май е произведена 1911 ! .. по патента! .. имаше спор тукана в една тема на rki .. та за това се сетихме и за "Дженерал Електрик.. dzvetko Aми не е бил крепостен, не е било в 1872 , патентът му е за спираловидна волфрамова жичка, продава го на "Дженерал Електрик" и те започват масово производство ...01 Юли 2017 17:28 * Електрическата крушка, също била измислена от руски крепостен селянин – Лодигин през 1872 г. .. .. Лодигин умира 1923 в Бруклин! Светла му памет .. | |
Редактирано: 1 път. Последна промяна от: sim4o |
Не са виждали и магнетофонна ролка, тук там са виждали касетка или видеокасета. а дискета? като си спомня осеминчовите навремето... и как дупчехме петинчовите с канцеларски перфоратор, та да пишем и от другата страна... |
| Колкото и да теглят чергата, няма да я изтеглят. The Baghdad Battery is believed to be about 2000 years old (from the Parthian period, roughly 250 BCE to CE 250). The jar was found in Khujut Rabu just outside Baghdad and is composed of a clay jar with a stopper made of asphalt. Sticking through the asphalt is an iron rod surrounded by a copper cylinder. When filled with vinegar - orany other electrolytic solution - the jar produces about 1.1 volts. There is no written record as to the exact function of the jar, but the best guess is that it was a type of battery. Scientists believe the batteries (if that is their correct function) were used to electroplate items such as putting a layer of one metal (gold) onto the surface of another (silver), a method still practiced in Iraq today. https://www.smith.edu/hsc/museum/ancient_inventions/battery2.html |
Добави мнение Мнения:9