I By 1750 the English population
is estimated to have been 5.74 million,
12
probably similar to the
level prior to the mortality crises of the 14th century.
Other parts of what is now the UK are likely to have had
slightly differing population histories, although further research
is needed. For example, Scotland and Ireland experienced civil
wars and mortality crises at different times from England
13
and
were vulnerable to famine for longer, probably due to lower
agricultural productivity and inadequate poor relief. In
Scotland, population growth was relatively low in the late 17th
and early 18th centuries. This is thought to be due to lower
standards of living and thus higher mortality, particularly for
infants, plus later marriage and childbearing than in England. In
contrast, Ireland may have had higher fertility rates and hence
higher growth rates than England or Scotland in the 17th
century due to earlier marriage and higher fertility within
marriage.
14
Migration between areas also affected their total populations.
The movement of an estimated 100,000 Scots to Ireland in the
17th century was a particularly notable outflow given that
Scotland
’
s population was estimated to be 1.23 million in
1691.
15
Significant emigration from the Scottish Highlands also
occurred following the Second Jacobite rebellion in 1745.

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